Postgresql Optimization

-- Advanced JSONB queries
CREATE TABLE events (
    id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
    data JSONB NOT NULL,
    created_at TIMESTAMPTZ DEFAULT NOW()
);

-- GIN index for JSONB performance
CREATE INDEX idx_events_data_gin ON events USING gin(data);

-- JSONB containment and path queries
SELECT * FROM events 
WHERE data @> '{"type": "login"}'
  AND data #>> '{user,role}' = 'admin';

-- JSONB aggregation
SELECT jsonb_agg(data) FROM events WHERE data ? 'user_id';

-- PostgreSQL arrays
CREATE TABLE posts (
    id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
    tags TEXT[],
    categories INTEGER[]
);

-- Array queries and operations
SELECT * FROM posts WHERE 'postgresql' = ANY(tags);
SELECT * FROM posts WHERE tags && ARRAY['database', 'sql'];
SELECT * FROM posts WHERE array_length(tags, 1) > 3;

-- Array aggregation
SELECT array_agg(DISTINCT category) FROM posts, unnest(categories) as category;

-- Advanced window functions
SELECT 
    product_id,
    sale_date,
    amount,
    -- Running totals
    SUM(amount) OVER (PARTITION BY product_id ORDER BY sale_date) as running_total,
    -- Moving averages
    AVG(amount) OVER (PARTITION BY product_id ORDER BY sale_date ROWS BETWEEN 2 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW) as moving_avg,
    -- Rankings
    DENSE_RANK() OVER (PARTITION BY EXTRACT(month FROM sale_date) ORDER BY amount DESC) as monthly_rank,
    -- Lag/Lead for comparisons
    LAG(amount, 1) OVER (PARTITION BY product_id ORDER BY sale_date) as prev_amount
FROM sales;

-- PostgreSQL full-text search
CREATE TABLE documents (
    id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
    title TEXT,
    content TEXT,
    search_vector tsvector
);

-- Update search vector
UPDATE documents 
SET search_vector = to_tsvector('english', title || ' ' || content);

-- GIN index for search performance
CREATE INDEX idx_documents_search ON documents USING gin(search_vector);

-- Search queries
SELECT * FROM documents 
WHERE search_vector @@ plainto_tsquery('english', 'postgresql database');

-- Ranking results
SELECT *, ts_rank(search_vector, plainto_tsquery('postgresql')) as rank
FROM documents 
WHERE search_vector @@ plainto_tsquery('postgresql')
ORDER BY rank DESC;

-- EXPLAIN ANALYZE for performance analysis
EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, BUFFERS, FORMAT TEXT) 
SELECT u.name, COUNT(o.id) as order_count
FROM users u
LEFT JOIN orders o ON u.id = o.user_id
WHERE u.created_at > '2024-01-01'::date
GROUP BY u.id, u.name;

-- Identify slow queries from pg_stat_statements
SELECT query, calls, total_time, mean_time, rows,
       100.0 * shared_blks_hit / nullif(shared_blks_hit + shared_blks_read, 0) AS hit_percent
FROM pg_stat_statements 
ORDER BY total_time DESC 
LIMIT 10;

-- Composite indexes for multi-column queries
CREATE INDEX idx_orders_user_date ON orders(user_id, order_date);

-- Partial indexes for filtered queries
CREATE INDEX idx_active_users ON users(created_at) WHERE status = 'active';

-- Expression indexes for computed values
CREATE INDEX idx_users_lower_email ON users(lower(email));

-- Covering indexes to avoid table lookups
CREATE INDEX idx_orders_covering ON orders(user_id, status) INCLUDE (total, created_at);

-- Check connection usage
SELECT count(*) as connections, state 
FROM pg_stat_activity 
GROUP BY state;

-- Monitor memory usage
SELECT name, setting, unit 
FROM pg_settings 
WHERE name IN ('shared_buffers', 'work_mem', 'maintenance_work_mem');

-- Create custom types
CREATE TYPE address_type AS (
    street TEX